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Most people adopt utilities like FileZilla, WinSCP or other FTP programs when they need to transfer files to or from Linux servers. SFTP is a secure culling to the original FTP protocol. Information technology performs mostly the same functions equally its unsecured version, but with an added layer of encryption. To reach this, it uses the SSH protocol that provides information technology with encryption capabilities. Setting upward an SFTP server on your Linux system involves multiple steps, which we showcase here.
What Is SFTP?
SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transferring files from a client to a server. Unlike FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SFTP utilizes the SSH (Secure Shell) protocol to encrypt the information that is sent. Information technology was adult by estimator scientists, Tatu Ylönen and Sami Lehtinen, who are also responsible for the development of the SSH protocol in the 1990s. Yet, the mod version is developed by the IETF (Internet Technology Task Strength).
It tin can be described as a remote file system protocol, fifty-fifty though its proper noun suggests information technology merely performs file transfer operations. When sending a file using SFTP from a client to a receiving server, the data is encrypted before it is sent to the destination. If the data being sent is intercepted by a "homo-in-the-eye," it can't hands be decrypted by this third party.
Installing SSH and the OpenSSH Server
Nosotros are starting the procedure of setting upwards the SFTP server past installing SSH and the OpenSSH server.
Almost Linux installations already have SSH installed by default, but in instance your organization doesn't have it, you lot can install it by using the Advanced Packaging Tool'due south apt command:
After installing SSH, y'all tin can check its version by running the ssh command with the -V flag:
You can install the OpenSSH Server on Debian and Ubuntu systems, for instance, past using the apt control:
sudo apt install openssh-server
You can do the same on Arch Linux by using the pacman command:
Creating Users, Groups and Directories for SFTP
It is a common recommendation that different services on Linux should apply their ain users, groups, and directories.
Start by creating a group for the users of SFTP. This is achieved past using the groupadd control:
You tin can create a user and add together it to the grouping that was created by using the useradd command and its -g flag, which is used to specify the group the user volition be a office of:
sudo useradd -g sftp_group sftp_user
Afterward creating the user, assign it a password by using the passwd command:
Create the default directory for the newly created user:
sudo mkdir -p /data/sftp_user/uploaded_files
Utilize the chown command to requite the directory the necessary permissions:
sudo chown -R root:sftp_group /data/sftp_user sudo chown -R sftp_user:sftp_group /data/sftp_user/uploaded_files
Configuring the SSH Server
The adjacent stride for setting up an SFTP server is configuring the SSH server it will be using.
Edit the "sshd_config" file found in "/etc/ssh/" then that the user is using the SFTP shell when connecting to the server instead of SSH'south beat.
You lot tin hands edit the file using the commonly used Nano editor institute on many Linux installations by default:
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Observe the bottom of the file and add the following:
Friction match Group sftp_group ChrootDirectory /data/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp
Restart the SSH service:
sudo systemtl restart sshd (Optional) Changing The SFTP Port
If you want to change the port the SFTP server is using from the default value of 22 to your chosen pick, you'll need to edit the "sshd_config" file once more.
Once again edit the file by using the Nano editor:
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Find a line in the file with the default port value of 22 commented out:
You tin remove the hash (#) sign used to comment out the line and add your choice of port value. In my case, I am changing the value to 1111:
Now simply save the file
and restart the server:
sudo systemctl restart sshd Logging in and Using the Server
Westward the server installed and configured, it is set for use. You tin can easily upload files and download them, all with an encrypted session provided by SSH.
Before logging in, it won't hurt to take a expect at the manual provided:
Log into the server by providing the username and the server IP or hostname in the following format:
Additionally, you lot can specify the port your SFTP server is using (default is 22) by utilizing the -P flag:
When you lot log in, you are greeted with an SFTP shell.
View a manual by typing help.
Downloading Files
To download a file:
become /path/to/file/on/server
Example:
This will download to your electric current directory – the one you lot were in locally earlier yous logged in to the server. To download to a specific local directory:
get /path/to/file/on/server /path/to/local/folder
To re-create directories, yous accept to add the -r parameter, which stands for recursive, to the command.
get -r /bin /abode/username/Desktop/bin
Recollect to add together a proper noun for the new directory you want to create locally, like "/domicile/username/Desktop/bin" in this case. If you lot employ get -r /bin /habitation/username/Desktop, files volition be copied direct on the Desktop. Note that t's the files that are copied and not the directory itself.
Uploading Files
Uploading files or directories follows the aforementioned principles. The just exception is that paths are reversed, pregnant you first specify the local file/directory, then the remote path.
To start with, upload files to the server by using the put command:
put /path/to/local/content /path/to/remote/location
When uploading directories (recursive), remember that the same rule from the previous section applies: it'south actually the files in the directory that are copied and not the directory itself. Specify a new proper noun for a directory you desire to re-create those files to.
put -r /home/username/Desktop/bin bin
This creates a new directory called "bin" on the remote side.
Resume Transfers and Employ Paths that Contain Spaces
When you transfer a large file that gets interrupted, y'all tin can resume by replacing the previous command with reput and reget. Only make sure you lot use the same paths you used last time so that the source and destination friction match exactly.
reget /path/to/file/on/server /path/to/local/ file reput /path/to/local/ file /path/to/file/on/server
To resume directory transfers, only add together the -r parameter:
reput -r /home/username/Desktop/bin bin
If the path to a file contains spaces, put it inside quotes:
put "/abode/username/My Documents/Files"
Other Uses
Y'all tin list the files and directories by using the ls command:
The permissions of files are also changeable using the chmod command:
chmod <PERMISSION> <FILE>
Additionally, you tin create a new directory by using the mkdir command:
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Do I need to install an SFTP client?
In nearly cases no, since most Linux systems come with a terminal-based SFTP client installed by default.
2. Can I utilize public-cardinal authentication?
Yes, you lot tin utilize public-fundamental authentication instead of a password every bit an authentication method. Setting it upwards is adequately simple, and it provides additional security for your server.
three. Can I simultaneously host an SSH server?
Yes. All the same, you will need to brand sure that your SFTP server is not using the same port every bit the SSH server.
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Source: https://www.maketecheasier.com/use-sftp-transfer-files-linux-servers/
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